• One study showed that cannabidiol (CBD) may inhibit candida biofilm formation and damage the biofilm fungi membrane(1). Candida is a fungus that causes candidiasis infection.
  • CBD is a cannabinoid serving as a chemical messenger for the endocannabinoid system (ECS)(2). The ECS controls and regulates critical body functions such as inflammatory and immune responses and pain control(3).
  • One study showed that the endocannabinoids anandamide (AEA) and N-arachidonoyl serine (ARA-S) may have antifungal properties against candida(4).
  • Despite claims that CBD may have a potential antimicrobial role, researchers need to evaluate whether CBD effectively manages candidiasis.

How CBD Oil Works to Help With Candidiasis

Studies suggested that CBD may have a potential role as an antimicrobial agent(5). However, researchers need to investigate this role further to determine whether CBD effectively manages candidiasis.

Candidiasis is a fungal infection induced by a yeast called candida. Fungi, such as molds and yeasts, are a type of microorganism or microbe(6).

CBD is an exogenous (plant-based) cannabinoid, a chemical messenger for the body’s endocannabinoid system (ECS)(7)

The ECS is a network of receptors and chemical signals that help regulate and control critical body functions such as pain control and inflammatory and immune responses(8).

Components of the ECS include endocannabinoids, such as anandamide (AEA) and N-arachidonoyl serine (ARA-S). The ECS also consists of cannabinoid receptors, including the CB1 and CB2 receptors.

One study showed that AEA and ARA-S may have antifungal properties that help prevent the adherence or attachment of Candida albicans hyphae to epithelial cells(9)

Hyphae are the nutrient-absorbing branching filaments on the fungus body.

A study published in Microorganisms showed that CBD may inhibit the biofilm formation of C. albicans(10). Biofilms comprise living microorganisms that adhere to an object’s surface, such as human tissue, and reproduce.

The same study mentioned that CBD may cause membrane damage to biofilm fungi(11)

This finding suggests that CBD may not cause yeast (fungal) infections. Instead, the compound has the potential to cause cell death by disrupting the fungus’ biofilm cell membranes.

Individuals may learn more about the results of this study by accessing the PubMed Central database or visiting the National Library of Medicine’s website under the National Institutes of Health (NIH).

Despite these benefits, researchers need to conduct more extensive studies to conclusively determine CBD’s effectiveness against fungal infections, specifically candidiasis.

Pros and Cons of CBD Oil for Candidiasis

The World Health Organization (WHO) stated that CBD may be well tolerated in humans and has a good safety profile, based on several controlled and open-label trials assessing CBD’s therapeutic effects(12).

One study mentioned that humans may tolerate up to 1,500mg of CBD per day(13).

The WHO also acknowledges that CBD may have low toxicity(14). The agency mentioned in its expert committee report that the compound does have similar effects as tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

THC is a cannabis plant compound known to have psychoactive effects or a feeling of “high” associated with marijuana use(15). Marijuana is a cannabis plant variety with high concentrations of THC(16).

Despite CBD being considered generally safe, researchers have not conducted studies specifically on the side effects of CBD for candidiasis.

Additionally, scientists need to determine the compound’s long-term effects by conducting more extensive and well designed studies(17).

In terms of side effects, CBD may cause drowsiness, diarrhea, dry mouth, appetite loss, and fatigue, which may be tolerable in humans(18).

One study involving patients taking CBD oil prescriptions mentioned that some participants experienced vivid dreams and sedation(19).

Another consideration when taking CBD is its potential interaction with other drugs.

CBD may interfere with cytochrome P450 enzyme activity. This enzyme group comprises more than 50 enzymes, six of which metabolize about 90% of drugs(20)

Preventing the activity of these liver enzymes may affect the effectiveness of various medicines(21).

Thus, individuals must consult a doctor, preferably one well versed in CBD or cannabis use, to be informed about CBD’s side effects or drug interactions before using the product.

Additionally, CBD brands must ensure that their CBD products are safe by having these products analyzed through third-party labs. 

These laboratories test the products’ actual content and document the results on a certificate of analysis (COA).

Third-party analysis and testing are industry-standard processes required to minimize concerns about falsely labeled products(22).

Some COAs provide information regarding harmful contaminants, such as pesticides, solvents, or heavy metals, which can cause a health risk to consumers. Thus, CBD products should have no such contaminants.

Reputable CBD brands claiming to provide safe and high-quality products typically upload the COAs on the company’s product website. 

These brands also ensure their COAs are publicly accessible and regularly updated.

Individuals looking for high-quality CBD products should compare the COA with the CBD product’s label to ensure that the label provides accurate information consistent with the lab test results.

CBD Usage and Dosage for Candidiasis

Individuals considering taking CBD for candidiasis have several methods to administer and use the substance. These delivery routes include the following:

  • Ingestion: Ingesting CBD involves taking the substance orally or through the mouth. This method allows the drug to pass through the body’s gastrointestinal tract before spreading into the bloodstream.

Oral products include CBD capsules and edibles such as CBD gummies, cookies, chews, and candies.

Some CBD brands may add natural or artificial flavors to edibles to make these products cater to individual tastes. Such flavors may include strawberry, apple, kiwi, or lemon.

  • Sublingual administration: Taking CBD oil through the sublingual route involves administering the product under the tongue. 

This method directly lets the drug enter the bloodstream, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract.

Sublingual CBD products include tinctures, high-potency oils, and oromucosal sprays.

Individuals may administer tinctures using a calibrated dropper for accurate dosing.

CBD oil tinctures contain carrier oils to help dilute the CBD concentrate. Manufacturers may use medium-chain triglyceride oil (MCT oil), olive oil, or hemp seed oil as carrier oils.

Hemp seeds usually contain no CBD(23). Thus, hemp seed oil derived from hemp seeds may have little or no CBD content.

Furthermore, CBD oil tinctures may have an earthy or grassy natural flavor. One way to take these products is by mixing these products with food or drinks(24).

  • Topical application: Administering CBD through this method involves applying the product directly to the skin. Topical products usually do not enter the bloodstream. 

However, these products may relieve pain in the area where the product is applied(25).

CBD brands offer a wide range of topical products, such as creams, balms, lotions, and ointments, to cater to varying individual preferences.

Other topical products include lip balms and roll-on sticks.

  • Inhalation: Inhaling CBD allows the drug to affect the lungs, then the heart and brain, before spreading the drug in the body(26). One way to inhale CBD is by vaping.

Inhalation may provide a quick way to take cannabis, making this method appropriate for acute conditions like nausea or severe pain(27).

However, vapes may cause health risks linked to lung disease(28). Thus, consumers must consider these hazards and exercise caution before vaping CBD.

Another method to administer CBD is using suppositories, which are pill-sized products inserted into the rectum or vagina.

Some CBD brands claim that suppositories may provide therapeutic effects, such as improving mood, reducing anxiety, and promoting muscle relaxation. 

However, these claims are unsubstantiated, and studies have not thoroughly confirmed the product’s effectiveness, especially for candidiasis.

Additionally, scientists have not concluded a specific CBD dosage appropriate for candidiasis, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not approved any CBD dosing guidelines specifically for this disease.

However, one recommendation when taking CBD is to start with a low dose and slowly increase the dosage(29).

For instance, individuals using CBD for the first time may take an initial dose of 10mg of CBD per day(30).

Overall, CBD dosage may vary among individuals depending on their exercise, health conditions, genetics, stress levels, and diet(31).

Therefore, before administering a specific CBD dose, individuals should consult a doctor well versed in CBD or cannabis use to determine what CBD dosage is appropriate for the individual’s needs.

The drug takes time before individuals start feeling its effects upon taking CBD. However, researchers have not conducted extensive trials determining CBD’s onset times specifically for candidiasis.

However, the drug’s onset times may vary depending on the chosen delivery method, such as the following(32):

  • Oral ingestion: 30 to 90 minutes
  • Sublingual administration: 15 to 30 minutes
  • Topical application: 15 to 30 minutes
  • Inhalation: 2 to 15 minutes

Regarding how long CBD’s effects last, the different administration routes may influence the time cannabidiol continues being effective.

For instance, CBD administered orally may last six to eight hours(33). On the other hand, administering the substance through topical application, sublingual administration, or inhalation may be effective for around two to four hours.

How and Where to Buy CBD for Candidiasis

Before processing CBD oil into the final product, manufacturers first extract CBD and other essential plant compounds from the cannabis plant using various methods depending on the manufacturer’s extraction objectives. 

These methods include hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbon, or ethanol extraction.

  • Hydrocarbon extraction: In this method, CBD manufacturers use hydrocarbons like butane or propane as solvents for extracting CBD.

Manufacturers consider hydrocarbon extraction effective in separating cannabinoids from unneeded cannabis compounds(34)

However, hydrocarbons are flammable and may damage the nervous system. Thus, handling these compounds may pose a significant safety issue. Hydrocarbons can also cause a health risk if not removed from the CBD extract.

Thus, individuals involved in operating the extraction equipment and handling the solvents must follow the proper safety protocols to lessen the risks associated with hydrocarbons.

  • CO2 extraction: This method utilizes highly pressurized carbon dioxide to obtain CBD oil from hemp plants.

Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless, and noncombustible gas. The FDA considers CO2 to be “generally recognized as safe” (GRAS) for use in food(35).

  • Ethanol extraction: Manufacturers utilizing this method consider ethanol, also called ethyl alcohol, a safer solvent to use than butane and a more efficient substance than CO2(36).

Ethanol is deemed an “exhaustive” solvent despite these advantages, meaning it may require further refinement to remove unwanted compounds. This additional process may lower the potency of the final CBD product(37).

After obtaining the CBD extract, manufacturers process and categorize it as full-spectrum CBD oil, broad-spectrum CBD oil, or CBD isolate.

  • Full-spectrum CBD oil: This product contains all essential cannabinoids and compounds in the cannabis plant.

These compounds may include THC, cannabichromene (CBC), cannabigerol (CBG), and terpenes.

CBC is a nonpsychoactive cannabis compound that may provide immunomodulatory effects by curtailing inflammatory responses and managing cytokine production(38).

Cytokines are proteins that control the activity and growth of blood cells and immune system cells(39).

Meanwhile, CBG may have antibacterial properties and a therapeutic benefit on neurological disorders and inflammatory bowel diseases(40).

Terpenes provide cannabis plants a distinct scent and are typically used as essential oil components, especially in aromatherapy(41).

When these compounds work together in full-spectrum CBD oil, they may produce the “entourage effect.” This effect describes the cannabis compounds’ synergistic activity, which may provide a better therapeutic outcome(42).

  • Broad-spectrum CBD oil: A broad-spectrum CBD oil product usually contains similar compounds and cannabinoids as full-spectrum CBD oil. However, broad-spectrum CBD oil is THC-free.
  • CBD isolate: This product contains pure CBD only. These products have no THC and do not contain other compounds or cannabinoids.

Consumers interested in experiencing the entourage effect or getting the full benefits of CBD may consider taking full-spectrum CBD oil.

However, individuals with an aversion to THC or its psychoactive effects may consider purchasing THC-free products such as CBD isolates or broad-spectrum CBD oil products.

Another consideration when purchasing CBD products is determining an individual’s personal preferences.

For example, consumers may prefer gluten-free or non-GMO CBD products. Others may purchase organic products derived from hemp from farms certified by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).

Some CBD brands may offer discounts, free shipping, money-back guarantees, or free complimentary products to entice consumers to purchase the company’s products.

CBD vs. Alternative Forms of Treatment for Candidiasis

Although there is growing interest in CBD’s potential to help with candidiasis, individuals may also consider natural alternatives such as essential oils to manage the disease.

One study showed that essential oils from certain medicinal plants may have effective anti-candida potential(43). Plant extracts derived from these plants include peppermint, eucalyptus, lemongrass oil, and coriander.

Another study mentioned that peppermint as an essential oil has potential antimicrobial properties characterized by its cytotoxic (toxic to cells) effects that may damage yeast cells(44).

Eucalyptus is also considered a popular essential oil and is known for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, and antifungal properties(45). Preliminary studies suggest eucalyptus may be biologically active against candida infections.

Regarding lemongrass, one study stated that this plant may be among the most effective essential oils possessing a significant eliminating activity and strong inhibitory effect on candida biofilm formation(46).

Coriander is also an essential oil with purported fungicidal activity against candida. Results of one study showed that coriander may damage the fungus’ cytoplasmic membrane, resulting in a fungicidal effect(47).

Some plants used for essential oils may contain beta-caryophyllene oxide. Studies suggest that this compound may help disrupt fungal cell membranes, indicating a potent antifungal role against candida strains(48).

Despite these benefits and anti-candida potential, promoting such plants as antifungal or antibacterial agents may be challenging as scientists must perform extensive research to determine the plants’ effectiveness and safety before conducting human clinical studies.

Additionally, there are no conclusive studies comparing CBD’s effectiveness to other alternative treatments for candida. Thus, consumers must take precautions and consider any potential risks associated with CBD or other essential oils before taking these products.

What Is CBD?

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a phytocannabinoid (plant-derived cannabinoid) extracted from Cannabis sativa. CBD typically comes from hemp, a CBD-rich cannabis plant variety containing about 0.3% THC(49).

Researchers have conducted various studies on the compound to determine the effectiveness of its purported health benefits in addressing various medical conditions.

For example, studies showed that CBD may also help manage chronic pain, insomnia, addiction, and epilepsy(50).

Many of these studies are inconclusive, and researchers must conduct more extensive and well designed trials to help provide convincing evidence that CBD works effectively for such conditions.

Cannabis is a botanical product whose origins can be traced back to about 5,000 years ago in present-day Romania(51). Direct evidence suggested that the substance was first used around 400 A.D for medicinal purposes.

During the 19th and 20th centuries, individuals in the United States utilized cannabis as a patent medicine(52). In 1937, the selling and using of cannabis became federally restricted through the enactment of the Marihuana Tax Act.

In 1996, the U.S. enacted the Compassionate Use Act, wherein California became the first state to legalize cannabis for medicinal purposes, provided such use was under a physician’s supervision(53).

In June 2020, the FDA approved Epidiolex, an oral CBD medication for treating seizures associated with epilepsy and tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC)(54). Epidiolex contains a pure form of CBD derived from cannabis.

Effectiveness

CBD is purported to have significant anti-inflammatory properties that may effectively manage various health conditions, including inflammatory, neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and autoimmune diseases(55).

However, most of these benefits need to be thoroughly investigated, and more extensive studies are needed to help researchers conclude the effectiveness of such benefits.

The most substantial and scientifically-proven benefit of CBD is its effectiveness in managing childhood epilepsy syndromes, such as Lennox-Gastaut syndrome and Dravet syndrome, which usually do not respond to antiseizure drugs(56).

Legality

The 2018 Farm Bill excludes hemp-derived CBD products, whose THC content is no more than 0.3%, from the Controlled Substances Act’s definition of “marijuana”(57). The law also mandates the USDA to establish a regulatory hemp production framework in the United States(58).

Thus, under U.S. federal law, CBD products that exceed 0.3% THC content are considered illegal(59).

However, the implementation and regulation of laws regarding sales and usage of CBD oil products vary between states. Thus, consumers must review and understand their state’s laws before purchasing or using CBD products.

As of February 3, 2022, there are 37 U.S. states that have implemented regulated cannabis programs. These states include California, Kentucky, New York, Arizona, Washington, and Colorado(60).

The FDA warns that some sellers are marketing CBD products with unproven medical claims and uncertain quality and selling these products in the market(61).

Despite having limited data on CBD’s safety, The FDA also mentions that the agency will continue updating the public as new information about CBD becomes available.

What Is Candidiasis?

Candida infections can affect the skin or mucous membranes of the mouth, intestines, or vagina.

Symptoms can vary depending on the candidiasis type. For example, symptoms of vaginal candidiasis include vaginal itchiness, abnormal vaginal discharge, or pain while urinating or during sexual intercourse(62).

What Causes Candidiasis?

One of the candida species is the Candida albicans fungus, which lives naturally in an individual’s body. This fungus typically resides in small amounts within the mouth, skin, and intestines.

Despite the presence of this fungus, the body’s microbiome (presence of all microbes living naturally in the body) contains healthy bacteria that help control candida’s balance.

A disruption of this balance may lead to candida overgrowth and cause an infection.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the best treatment for candida infections depends on an individual’s age, immune status, location, and the infection’s severity(63).

For most adults, the CDC recommends echinocandin (anidulafungin, caspofungin, or micafungin) given intravenously. Other antifungal medications include fluconazole and amphotericin B.

Types of Candidiasis and Their Treatments

Candida infection can cause three types of candidiasis:

  • Vaginal candidiasis: This disease causes the yeast to multiply inside the vagina and cause an infection. Other names for this disease are “vaginal yeast infection,” “vulvovaginal candidiasis,” or “candidal vaginitis.”

Vaginal candidiasis can happen when the vagina’s environment changes in a way that encourages candida growth.

Most vaginal candidiasis cases are mild(64). However, some individuals may experience severe infections that cause swelling, redness, or cracks in the vaginal wall.

Individuals likely to get vaginal candidiasis may include the following(65):

  • Pregnant women
  • Diabetic individuals
  • Individuals who use hormonal contraceptives
  • Individuals taking or have recently taken antibiotics
  • Individuals with weakened immune systems

One way to reduce the risks of developing vaginal candidiasis is to wear cotton underwear(66). Moreover, since antibiotics may increase the likelihood of getting this disease, individuals should take such medications only when prescribed by a healthcare provider.

Vaginal candidiasis is treated using antifungal medicine, typically applied inside the vagina. Another method is to take a single dose of fluconazole, an oral antifungal medication.

Individuals may consider other treatments such as boric acid, flucytosine, or nystatin for more severe infections.

  • Thrush: This yeast infection grows in the mouth, throat, or other parts of the body such as the skin, lungs, or liver.

Thrush infection in the mouth is called oropharyngeal candidiasis and appears as white, raised lesions on the cheeks or tongue(67). Other signs include redness or soreness inside the mouth, loss of taste, or a cotton-like feeling in the mouth.

Individuals with thrush may also experience swallowing difficulty, fever, or a feeling of food stuck in the throat or chest area.

An individual is likely to develop thrush if they have the following habits and health conditions(68):

  • Dry mouth
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
  • Uncontrolled diabetes
  • Cancer
  • Smoking
  • Hormonal changes due to pregnancy
  • Wearing dentures that do not fit properly

Additionally, certain medications such as corticosteroids, birth control pills, and antibiotics can cause yeast to flourish and cause an infection.

This disease is generally a minor problem among healthy people and may clear up after a few weeks following antifungal treatment(69).

Doctors can prescribe antifungal medicines such as nystatin to treat thrush. These medications are available in oral form as lozenges, tablets, or liquids.

However, candida infection may indicate underlying medical problems. Thus, individuals should consult a doctor for proper diagnosis and treatment.

  • Invasive candidiasis: This type of yeast infection affects the eyes, heart, brain, bones, blood, and other body parts.

The most common invasive candidiasis is candidemia, which affects the bloodstream(70). Candidemia is also a common cause of bloodstream infection among hospitalized patients in the United States.

In most cases, individuals infected by invasive candidiasis already have existing medical conditions(71). Thus, doctors may find it challenging to determine which symptoms are associated with candidiasis.

Fever and chills are common symptoms of invasive candidiasis. Often, these symptoms do not improve even after antibiotic treatment(72).

Individuals with a high risk for invasive candidiasis are those with the following conditions(73):

  • Having a weak immune system
  • Are preterm babies
  • Having diabetes
  • Spending a long time in the intensive care unit (ICU)
  • Had a recent surgery, such as multiple abdominal surgeries
  • Had kidney failure or undergoing hemodialysis
  • Having received many antibiotics while in the hospital

Individuals who inject drugs are also likely to develop invasive candidiasis, especially heart valve infections, bloodstream infections, and bone and joint infections.

Preventing invasive candidiasis involves taking antifungal medication, being a safe patient, and following standard infection control practices.

Doctors typically prescribe antifungal medications, also called antifungal prophylaxis, for invasive candidiasis to the following individuals(74):

  • Organ transplant patients
  • Individuals with a low white blood cell count or undergoing chemotherapy procedures
  • Individuals who have undergone bone marrow or stem cell transplant and have a low white blood cell count
  • Infants with a low birth weight

In some cases, candidiasis can develop into a more severe candida infection called systemic candidiasis. Immune deficiency typically causes an infection that affects many body parts.

A systemic candida infection can lead to endocarditis (inflammation of the heart membrane), meningitis (inflammation of the skull membrane), or osteomyelitis (inflammation of the bone)(75).

What Are Fungal Infections?

Fungi are single-celled or multicellular organisms found in almost any habitat. According to the Microbiology Society, some fungi decompose various elements, while others are parasitic or cause diseases to plants, animals, or humans(76).

Fungal diseases in humans include ringworm, athlete’s foot, and thrush.

Ringworm is a fungal skin infection appearing as red, itchy circular rashes. Meanwhile, an athlete’s foot is a skin infection that appears between the toes.

Because fungi are common in the environment, any individual can come in contact with fungi, although such organisms do not necessarily make someone sick(77). However, individuals with weak immune systems are likely to develop an infection from such fungi.

Certain situations that weaken the immune system include having an illness that attacks the immune system, being born with a weakened immune system, having undergone cancer chemotherapy, or taking medicines such as corticosteroids.


  1. Anti-Biofilm Activity of Cannabidiol against Candida albicans
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7924206/
  2. Cannabidiol Primer for Healthcare Professionals
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7340472/
  3. The Endocannabinoid System: Essential and Mysterious
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/the-endocannabinoid-system-essential-and-mysterious-202108112569
  4. Anandamide Prevents the Adhesion of Filamentous Candida albicans to Cervical Epithelial Cells
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7426432/
  5. Anti-Biofilm Activity of Cannabidiol Against Candida albicans
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7924206/
  6. Types of Microorganisms
    https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Book%3A_Microbiology_(Boundless)/1%3A_Introduction_to_Microbiology/1.2%3A_Microbes_and_the_World/1.2A_Types_of_Microorganisms
  7. Cannabidiol Primer for Healthcare Professionals
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7340472/
  8. The Endocannabinoid System: Essential and Mysterious
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/the-endocannabinoid-system-essential-and-mysterious-202108112569
  9. Anandamide Prevents the Adhesion of Filamentous Candida albicans to Cervical Epithelial Cells
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7426432/
  10. Anti-Biofilm Activity of Cannabidiol Against Candida albicans
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7924206/
  11. Ibid.
  12. WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence: Fortieth Report
    https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/279948/9789241210225-eng.pdf
  13. Safety and Side Effects of Cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa Constituent
    https://doi.org/10.2174/157488611798280924
  14. WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence: Fortieth Report
    https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/279948/9789241210225-eng.pdf
  15. Tetrahydrocannabinol
    https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/tetrahydrocannabinol
  16. Marijuana
    https://teens.drugabuse.gov/drug-facts/marijuana
  17. Effectiveness of Cannabidiol Oil for Pediatric Anxiety and Insomnia as Part of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Case Report
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5101100/
  18. What Are the Benefits of CBD — And Is It Safe to Use?
    https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/consumer-health/expert-answers/is-cbd-safe-and-effective/faq-20446700
  19. Cannabidiol Prescription in Clinical Practice: An Audit on the First 400 Patients in New Zealand
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7330185/
  20. The Effect of Cytochrome P450 Metabolism on Drug Response, Interactions, and Adverse Effects
    https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2007/0801/p391.html
  21. Page 114-115 of Healing With CBD
    https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
  22. Page 260 of Healing With CBD
    https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
  23. Page 252 of Healing With CBD
    https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
  24. Page 208 of Healing With CBD
    https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
  25. Page 210 of Healing With CBD
    https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
  26. Best Way to Take CBD
    https://www.projectcbd.org/guidance/best-way-take-cbd
  27. Ibid.
  28. Can Vaping Damage Your Lungs? What We Do (and Don’t) Know
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/can-vaping-damage-your-lungs-what-we-do-and-dont-know-2019090417734
  29. CBD Dosing
    https://www.projectcbd.org/guidance/cbd-dosing
  30. Page 218 of Healing With CBD
    https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
  31. CBD Dosing
    https://www.projectcbd.org/guidance/cbd-dosing
  32. Page 190-193 of Healing With CBD
    https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
  33. Ibid.
  34. CBD Oil: An Introduction
    https://www.projectcbd.org/wellness/cbd-oil-introduction
  35. CFR – Code of Federal Regulations Title 21
    https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cfcfr/CFRSearch.cfm?fr=184.1240
  36. Page 243 of Healing With CBD
    https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
  37. Ibid.
  38. A Potential Role for Cannabichromene in Modulating TRP Channels During Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
    https://jcannabisresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s42238-021-00101-0
  39. Cytokines and Their Side Effects
    https://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatments-and-side-effects/treatment-types/immunotherapy/cytokines.html
  40. The Pharmacological Case for Cannabigerol
    https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33168643/
  41. The Cannabis Terpenes
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7763918/
  42. Page 92 of Healing With CBD
    https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AGlxnhS2SoFeOXEuysv75bd_C9pEnwsU/view
  43. Plants’ Natural Products as Alternative Promising Anti-Candida Drugs
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5628516/
  44. Candida albicans Impairments Induced by Peppermint and Clove Oils at Sub-Inhibitory Concentrations
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5486128/
  45. Anti-Candida Activity of Essential Oils from Eucalyptus species. A Preliminary Study
    https://juniperpublishers.com/adoh/pdf/ADOH.MS.ID.555740.pdf
  46. Inhibitory Effect of Lemongrass Oil and Its Major Constituents on Candida Biofilm and Germ Tube Formation
    https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0254629912000713
  47. Antifungal Activity of Coriandrum sativum Essential Oil, Its Mode of Action Against Candida Species and Potential Synergism With Amphotericin B
    https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51520194_Antifungal_activity_of_Coriandrum_sativum_essential_oil_its_mode_of_action_against_Candida_species_and_potential_synergism_with_amphotericin_B
  48. Antifungal Activities of the Essential Oil and Its Fractions Rich in Sesquiterpenes From Leaves of Casearia sylvestris Sw.
    https://www.scielo.br/j/aabc/a/J3ytghJk7FGs39CY9JPtsRj/?lang=en
  49. Cannabidiol Primer for Healthcare Professionals
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7340472/
  50. Cannabidiol (CBD)-What We Know and What We Don’t
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/cannabidiol-cbd-what-we-know-and-what-we-dont-2018082414476
  51. Medicinal Cannabis: History, Pharmacology, And Implications for the Acute Care Setting
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5312634/
  52. Ibid.
  53. Ibid.
  54. FDA Approves New Indication for Drug Containing an Active Ingredient Derived from Cannabis to Treat Seizures in Rare Genetic Disease
    https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-new-indication-drug-containing-active-ingredient-derived-cannabis-treat-seizures-rare#
  55. Anti-Biofilm Activity of Cannabidiol against Candida albicans
    https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7924206/
  56. Cannabidiol (CBD)-What We Know and What We Don’t
    https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/cannabidiol-cbd-what-we-know-and-what-we-dont-2018082414476
  57. Hemp Production and the 2018 Farm Bill
    https://www.fda.gov/news-events/congressional-testimony/hemp-production-and-2018-farm-bill-07252019
  58. Hemp Production
    https://www.ams.usda.gov/rules-regulations/hemp
  59. CBD & THC: Myths and Misconceptions
    https://www.projectcbd.org/guidance/cbd-thc-myths-and-misconceptions
  60. State Medical Cannabis Laws
    https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx
  61. What You Need to Know (And What We’re Working to Find Out) About Products Containing Cannabis or Cannabis-derived Compounds, Including CBD
    https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/what-you-need-know-and-what-were-working-find-out-about-products-containing-cannabis-or-cannabis
  62. Vaginal Candidiasis
    https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/genital/index.html
  63. Treatment for Invasive Candidiasis
    https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/invasive/treatment.html
  64. Vaginal Candidiasis
    https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/genital/index.html
  65. Ibid.
  66. Ibid.
  67. Thrush
    https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10956-thrush
  68. Ibid.
  69. Ibid.
  70. About Invasive Candidiasis
    https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/invasive/definition.html
  71. Symptoms of Invasive Candidiasis
    https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/invasive/symptoms.html
  72. Ibid.
  73. Invasive Candidiasis Risk & Prevention
    https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/diseases/candidiasis/invasive/risk-prevention.html
  74. Ibid.
  75. Rare Disease Database
    https://rarediseases.org/rare-diseases/candidiasis/
  76. Fungi
    https://microbiologysociety.org/why-microbiology-matters/what-is-microbiology/fungi.html
  77. Who Gets Fungal Infections?
    https://www.cdc.gov/fungal/infections/index.html
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